Fig. 2

AFM imaging and size measurement of LDL and oxLDL particles in PBS buffer (pH7.4). a Representative two dimentional (2-D; left) and 3-D (right) topographical images of LDL particles in a field of 2 µm × 2 µm. b Representative 2-D (left) and 3-D (right) topographical images of oxLDL particles in a field of 2 µm × 2 µm. Insets in a, b representative 2-D (left) and 3-D (right) topographical images of several LDL/oxLDL particles in a field of 250 nm × 250 nm. c Height profiles of representative LDL and oxLDL particles. Left panels: the same images as a and b with a red line across some particles; right panels: the height profiles of the particles. d Average height of individual LDL/oxLDL particles (n = 200). e Average diameter (i.e. equivalent diameter of a sphere) of individual LDL/oxLDL particles (n = 200). OxLDL particles were the LDL particles oxidized by 5 µM copper at 37 °C for 16 h