Table 3 Changes in histone modifications and histone-modifying enzymes induced by various nanoparticles

SiO₂-NPs

In vitro

Mouse Bhas 42 cells exposed to 15 or 25 µg/cm² of the crystalline silica particles Min-U-Sil^® 5 for 48 h

Increase in H3K4ac, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac

Increase in HDAC2.

Decrease in HDAC1, HDAC6

[22]

SiO₂-NPs

In vitro

Human A549 cells exposed to 50.0 µg/mL SiO₂-NPs for 3-12 h

Decreased levels of SIRT6 histone deacetylase (HDAC) transcript and protein

[63]

TiO₂ –NPs

In vitro

Human dermal fibroblasts isolated from neonatal foreskins, exposed to 100, 30, 10, 3, and 1 µg/mL TiO₂ -NPs for 24 h

Increase of ATM, and Chk2 phosphorylation

[54]

TiO₂ -NPs

In vitro

Human adipose delivered stem cells (hASCs) exposed to 70 nm TiO₂–nanotubes

Increase of H3K4 methylation at the promoter region of osteogenic genes RUNX2 and osteocalcin (OC)

Inhibition of histone demethylate

RBP2 expression

[64]

Au-NPs

In vitro

Human MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MsB-468 breast cancer cells exposed to 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL positively (+) and to 250 and 500 µg/mL negatively (-) charged Au-NPs for 24 h

Activation of MAP kinases in MDA-MB-231 cells

Increase in MKP-1 protein in (-) AU-NPs in both cell lines

Decrease in MKP-1 protein levels by (+) charged Au-NPs.

Deacetylation of histone H3K9/H3K14

Dephosphorylation of histone H3Ser10 at 250 µg/mL negatively charged Au-NPs.

Increase in H3K9/H3K14 acetylation at all doses of positively charged Au-NPs.

[57]

Au-NPs

In vitro

Small airway epithelial cells exposed to 20 nm Au-NPs for 72 h

Decrease in H3K27me3

[10]

Arsenic trioxide NPs (As₂O₃-NPs)

In vitro

Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T or HeLa cells were exposed to As₂O₃-NPs at 0.2- 0.8 µM for 24, 48, and 72 h

Decrease in global H4K16ac

[60]

Ag-NPs

In vitro

Human A549, MCF7, and HaCat cells exposed to 0.3 µg/mL Ag-NPs for 24 h

Increase in histone 3 serine 10 phosphorylation (H3S10ph)

[65]

Ag-NPs

In vitro

Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549, exposed to 1.0 µg/mL Ag-NPs for 10 h

Increase of histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation (H3S10ph) independent of DNA damage

[67]

Ag-NPs

In vitro

Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549, exposed to 10-200 µg/mL Ag-NPs for 48 and 72 h

Deacetylation of histone H3 tails and elevation of total histone H3

Phosphorylation of p53

[35]

Ag-NPs

In vitro

Mouse erythroleukemia cells exposed to 8 µg/mL Ag-NPs for 72 h

Decrease in global and β-globin specific histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3Kme3) and histone H3 lysine 79 monomethylation (H3K79me1)

[68]

CuO-NPs

In vitro

Human A549 cells exposed to CuO-NPs for 36 h

Decrease of total HDAC activity.

Reduction in the levels of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC5, HDAC9, and HDAC11 mRNA transcripts.

[72]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs)

In vitro

HaCaT cells exposed to 20 and 50 µg/mL ZnO-NPs for 24 h

Deacetylation of histone H4 lysine 5 (H4K3)

Increased demethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9)

Increased expression of G9a and GLP histone methyltransferase genes

Down-regulation of GCN5, P300, and CBP histone acetyltransferase genes

[69]

ZnO-NPs

In vitro

Human bladder cancer T24 cells exposed to 10 µg/mL ZnO-NPs for 48 h

Decrease of global histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) at the RUNX3 gene promoter

[71]

Arsenic trioxide nanoparticles (As₂O₃-NPs)

In vitro

Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T or HeLa cells were exposed to As₂O₃-NPs at different concentrations (0.2 ~ 0.8 μM) for 24, 48, or 72 h

Reduction of global histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac)

Increase of deacetyltransferase HDAC4 expression

[60]

Nano-cobalt (Nano-Co) and TiO₂ -NPs

In vitro

Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549, exposed to 5-15 µg/mL TiO₂ -NPs and Nano-Co for 12 h

Increased expression of Rad51, and phosphorylated p53

[52]

Cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe-QDs)

In vitro

Human breast cancer cells MCF-7 were exposed to 5 μg/ml CdTe-QDs for 4 or 24 h

Global histone hypoacetylation

[70]