From: Emerging nanomedicines for effective breast cancer immunotherapy
Biomaterial | Cargo | Effects | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Lipid-based | |||
 Liposome | Ursolic acid | Inhibition of STAT5 phosphorylation and IL-10 secretion | [64] |
 Liposome modified with PEG | Cyclic diguanylate monophosphate and monophosphoryl lipid A | Increased number of APCs and NK cells | [62] |
 Liposome | cGAMP | Conversion of M2-like phenotype towards M1-like phenotype, enhancement of MHC and costimulatory molecules | [61] |
 Liposome | Paclitaxel, thioridazine and HY19991 | Infiltration of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells into the tumors and consequent attacking of CSCs | [97] |
 Nanoliposome | Multi-epitope peptides derived from cancer cells | Improved cytotoxic T cell responses and production of IFN-γ | [70] |
 Lipid calcium phosphate modified with mannose | MUC1 mRNA | Induction of a strong, antigen-specific, in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against TNBC | [74] |
 Lipid nanoparticle | Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors | Increased M1-like phenotype at tumor microenvironment | [69] |
 Cationic lipid-assisted nanoparticles | Lactate dehydrogenase A-siRNA | Neutralized tumor pH and increased infiltration of CD8 + T and NK cells | [80] |
Polymer-based Protein/polysacharide based | |||
 PBAEs | cyclin-dependent kinase 5—CRISPR-Cas9 | Downregulation of PD-L1 expression | [76] |
 PEG-chitosan-lactate | A2 adenosine receptor | Blockage of PKA/CREB signaling pathway, leading to Treg inhibition | [78] |
 Chitosan-lactate | CD69-specific siRNA | Generation of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17 | [79] |
 PLGA coated with human cancer cell membrane fractions | – | Enhanced CD8 + and CD4 + T-lymphocyte populations | [72] |
 PLGA | CpG coated tumor antigen | Increased expression of CD80/86 and elevated secretion of IL-12 | [73] |
 PLGA-b-PEG modified with triphenyl phosphonium | Zinc phthalocyanine | Release of tumor antigens and thereby activation of DCs, and overexpression of IFN-γ | [96] |
 Albumin | doxorubicin and T780 | Activation of T cell-mediated antitumor immune response and induction of ICD | [89] |
Inorganic | |||
 Gold nanoparticle | Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide | Activation of DCs, enhanced cytokine production and proliferation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in splenocytes | [65] |
 Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles | Indocyanine green, doxorubicin, and CpG | Eradication of primary tumor and prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis | [87] |
 Copper sulfide nanoparticles modified with maleimide-PEG | – | Creation of tumor immunogenetic microenvironment, followed by enhancement in the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells | [93] |
Hybrid nanoparticle | |||
 Fe3O4 nanoparticles with reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) and PEG | – | Induction of DC activation and ICD in tumor draining lymph nodes | [92] |
 Albumin coated aluminum hydroxide oxide | Melittin and chlorin e6 | Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and consequent ICD | [85] |
Naturally derived | |||
 Viral capsid VP2 protein | Multi-neoepitopes including Tmtc2, Gprc5 Qars, and surviving | Enhanced proliferative responses of CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes and generation of granzyme-B in lymphatic nodes local to the tumor | [106] |
 EVs from NK-92MI cells | IL-15 | Increased cytotoxicity against cancer cells | [111] |
 Lambda phage coat protein gpD | AE37 peptide | Generation of robust immune responses in TUBO model of breast cancer | [108] |