| NP1 | NP2 | NP3 | NP4 | NP5 | NP6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charge characteristics | ||||||
ζ-potential (mV) | − 38.5 ± 1.9 | + 26.9 ± 1.6 | + 21.0 ± 1.5 | + 20.6 ± 1.2 | + 23.9 ± 2.0 | + 22.7 ± 0.1 |
Qek (µmol/mg) | nd | 0.23 | 0.78 | 1.35 | 4.39 | 2.95 |
In vitro toxicity in THP-1 cells | ||||||
Viability loss | – | – | ** | ** | *** | *** |
Oxidative stress | – | – | – | – | * | * |
IL-8 | – | – | – | – | *** | *** |
Mitochondrial perturbation | – | – | – | – | ** | ** |
Lysosome integrity | – | – | * | – | *** | *** |
In vivo toxicity in healthy mice | ||||||
Total cells | – | – | – | – | *** | *** |
Neutrophils | – | – | – | – | *** | *** |
IL-6 | – | – | – | *** | *** | *** |
KC | – | – | – | – | *** | ** |
MCP-1 | – | – | – | – | *** | *** |
In vivo toxicity in allergic mice | ||||||
Total IgG1 | – | – | – | nd | *** | nd |
HMD-specific IgG1 | – | – | – | nd | *** | nd |
Total cells | – | – | – | nd | *** | nd |
Eosinophils | – | – | – | nd | *** | nd |
Eotaxin | – | – | – | nd | *** | nd |