Fig. 1
![Fig. 1](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12951-022-01540-4/MediaObjects/12951_2022_1540_Fig1_HTML.png)
The schematic illustration of identifying EVs-based lipid biomarkers for NAFL and NASH detection. a EVs are secreted by hepatocytes and transported to urine. b Illustrations of pathological features of NAFL and NASH. c Collection of patients’ urine samples. d Biomarker discovery through UPLC-MS/MS analysis of EV lipids and machine learning