Fig. 6

Treatment with MSC-Exo alleviates inflammation, induces the angiogenesis and cellular proliferation. A Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining and scoring in terms of leukocyte infiltration. B, C The quantification of the IHC on CD31 and PCNA on days 7 and 21 respectively; D–G immunofluorescence double staining for CD31/PCNA (white arrows indicate the endothelial/endothelial progenitor cells) and α-SMA/PCNA (white arrows indicate the vascular smooth muscle cells). Pigs, n = 3 (day 7); n = 5 (day 21). H Representative photographs of tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs), which were exposured to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), MSC-Exo (100 μg/mL), or VEGF (20 ng/mL). The number of meshes, junctions, branches formed per high-power field (HPF), and the total length of branches per HPF were calculated by ImageJ software. All data are shown as the means ± SEM. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey post hoc analysis among multiple groups, respectively. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Scale bars, 100 μm