Fig. 3

cBMDM-sEVs aggravated arthritis in CIA models. (A) cBMDM-sEVs and nBMDM-sEVs labeled with DiR, and fluorescence images obtained at 0 and 24 h after intravenous injection of the DIR-labeled BMDM-sEVs into CIA mice. (B) Arthritis score in three groups. (C) mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, and MMP-13 in ankle joint of four groups. (D) Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in serum of four groups. (E) H&E staining of knee and ankle joints in CIA mice. Each group consists of 6–7 mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001