An exosomal strategy for targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts mediated tumors desmoplastic microenvironments

Table 2 Theranostic potential of engineered exosomes for targeting CAFs mediated desmoplastic microenvironments

Theranostic	Payload	Target sites	Function	Desmoplastic tumors	References
Therapy	Antigens	CTLs, CAFs	Present tumor antigens to CTLs Reprogram CAF-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment	Breast cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer	[33, 114]
	PH20, doxorubicin	ECM	Degrade ECM Enhance the activation and infiltration of CD8⁺T cells Promote the maturation of CD103⁺ dendritic cells Enhance drug delivery	Prostate cancers and breast cancer	[19, 108, 115]
	RGD, paclitaxel	ECM, tumor cells	Remove CAFs-mediated αSMA and type 1 collagen Enhance drug delivery	Pancreatic cancer	[116]
	MMP9 and MMP14	ECM	Degrade tumor collagens Enhance the infiltration of CD8⁺T cells Anti-PD-1 antibody	Breast cancer	[100]
	miRNA-494 and miRNA-542-3p	Stromal cells	Activate MMPs and degrade ECM	Pancreatic cancer	[117]
	Silenced dicer	CAFs	Decrease FAP and α-SMA level of CAFs	Ovarian cancer	[118]
	siS100A4	CAFs	Inhibit CAF-mediated lung metastasis of breast cancer	Breast cancer	[119]
	miR-5100	CAFs	Inhibit the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis	Breast cancer	[120]
Diagnosis	PKH26, DiR, cyanine, fluorescent proteins	Tumor tissues	Fuorescence imaging	Colon cancer and prostate cancer	[121,122,123]
	gold-iron oxide nanoparticles s	Tumor tissues	Magnetic resonance imaging Selectively damage tumor cells via thermal ablation	Breast cancer	[124, 125]
	^99mTc, ¹³¹I and ¹¹¹In-oxine	Tumor tissues	Single-photon emission computed tomography	Colon cancer	[121, 122]

ISSN: 1477-3155