Skip to main content
Download PDF

Design of a new electrochemical aptasensor based on screen printed carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles for the detection of fumonisin B1 in maize flour

Journal of Nanobiotechnology volume 20, Article number: 534 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

A new aptasensor for detecting fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the maize samples was developed based on DNA- aptamer recognition and electrochemical technique. A thiol-modified single-stranded DNA (ss-HSDNA) was immobilized on a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) electrodeposited by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The morphology and structure of SPCE and AuNPs/SPCE were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The SEM results demonstrated that the SPCE had a flat sheet-like structure, and the AuNPs were homogeneously electrodeposited on the SPCE. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments in the [Fe(CN)6]− 3/− 4 solution were conducted to investigate each step of electrode modification as well as aptasensor performance. Aptamer-FB1 interaction prevented the electron transfer permitting the determination of FB1 in the range of 0.5–500 ng/mL with a low detection limit (0.14 ng/mL). The designed aptasensor was also shown high selectivity, acceptable repeatability and reproducibility, good long-term stability, and excellent recovery. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the findings achieved via the designed aptasensor and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, a simple construction process and satisfactory electrochemical performance of the proposed aptasensor have a great potential for the detection of FB1 in maize samples.

Introduction

Mycotoxins, mainly produced by the secondary metabolism of three fungal genera, namely Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, are toxic compounds that may be found in food and feed [1]. Therefore, the possibility of the presence of mycotoxin contamination in various foodstuffs is a threat to both humans and animals that can cause disease and even death [2]. Among the prevalent mycotoxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the dangerous contaminant that can infect different agricultural products such as rice, maize, peanut and wheat [3]. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), FB1 has been classified in group 2B as possibly carcinogenic to humans [4]. It has been reported that the FB1 driven by the consummation of moldy cereals can result in human esophageal and liver cancers. Hence, the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of FB in foodstuffs have been set by many countries. For instance, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established the MRLs of 2000 µg/kg for type B-fumonisin in agricultural products, whereas European Union legislation has set the MRLs as 4000 µg/kg for fumonisin B in cereal [5,6,7]. Thus, it seems necessary to detect FB1 in food or agricultural products.

Up to now, many studies have been conducted to detect FB1 in food or feed. In fact, there are useful analytical approaches such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC–MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for FB1 detection in agricultural crops [8,9,10,11]. Although these methods have good advantages like high sensitivity and specificity, they are time-consuming and need costly instruments as well as experienced technicians. Because of these shortcomings, different alternative methods have been developed [12]. In recent decades, the biosensor, due to its unique advantages such as low cost, portability, rapid response, and simple operation, has been widely used in mycotoxins detection. Among various biosensors, the electrochemical biosensor has become an attractive tool for mycotoxin assay because of its high sensitivity, simple equipment, and easy miniaturization [13, 14].

Recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in the demand for the utilization of aptamer as a molecular recognition element in biosensors. Aptamers produced via a process known as the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides that can bind to various target molecules through the formation of three-dimensional structures [15]. To date, several aptasenors have successfully been developed according to the FB1 aptamer designed by McKeague et al. [16]. For instance, Yue et al. developed aptamer-based suspension array for simultaneous recognition of FB1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) [17].

Despite many attempts to introduce a convenient and straightforward aptamer-based biosensor for monitoring FB1, there are still challenges to obtaining high sensitivity for FB1 detection. In order to improve the performance of aptamer-based biosensor, the combination of aptamer with nanostructured materials has been developed. Many studies have focused on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a platform for the development of aptasensors due to their unique properties such as easiness in functionalization procedure, biocompatibility, chemical stability, high specific surface area and low toxicity [18,19,20]. The gold nanoparticles can be assembled onto different substrates such as gold, platinum, glassy carbon, and screen-printed carbon electrodes. Among them, screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) has received great attention for electrochemical detection because of their cost-effectiveness, portability, simplicity of mass production, and convenient pretreatment of the electrode [21]. To the best of authors’ knowledge, it is first time that the SPCE electrodeposited with AuNPs was used as a platform to immobilize the aptamer for detection of FB1 in maize flour. Therefore, using ss-HSDNA/AuNPs/SPCE to develop the high performance aptamer based electrochemical biosensor is an exciting challenge.

This research aimed to design a new electrochemical aptasensor for detecting FB1 in maize flour. For this purpose, the electrode was prepared using the immobilization of ss-HSDNA onto AuNPs electrodeposited on SPCE. The preparation steps of the electrode were investigated using the cyclic voltammetry technique. Furthermore, the detection of FB1 in maize flour samples was performed by means of the cyclic voltammetry method and HPLC.

Experimental

Materials and reagents

Screen-printed carbon electrodes were bought from DropSens (Spain). The screen-printed electrodes utilized in this research consisted typically of three electrodes: the carbon working electrode (WE), the carbon counter electrode, and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), Tris–HCl, Hydrogen tetracholoroaurate (HAuCl4), methanol (CH3OH), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4), potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]), potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-MCE), zearalenone (ZEN), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. FB1-aptamer ss-HSDNA sequence (5′ SH(CH2)6AGCAGCACAGAGGTCAGATGCGATCTGGATATTATTTTTGATACCCCTTT GGGAGACATCCTATGCGTGCTACCGTGAA-3′) was bought from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Ultrapure water was used to prepare all solutions.

Preparation process of aptasensor

A schematic of the preparation and performance of the aptasensor was illustrated in Fig. 1. As shown in this figure, the process for the preparation of the ss-HSDNA/AuNPs/SPCE consists of two major steps described in the following sections:

Fig. 1
figure 1

Schematic illustration of the preparation and performance of the electrochemical aptasensor

Full size image

Electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on SPCE

The gold nanoparticles were applied onto the SPCE surface using the electrodeposition technique under a constant potential of − 0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl for 60 s in 5 mM HAuCl4 containing 0.1 M H2SO4 solution.

Immobilization of ss-HSDNA onto SPCE modified by AuNPs

The immobilization of ss-HSDNA on the AuNPs-modified electrode surface was carried out by immersion of AuNPs/SPCE in a solution containing 5 µM ss-HSDNA at the temperature of 36 ± 2 °C for 6 h. It should be noted that aptamer folding form was obtained by heating the aptamer at 94 °C for 5 min and followed by cooling with ice for 15 min. The prepared electrode was then washed with binding buffer (100 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Tris–HCl and 1 mM CaCl2) to eliminate the unbounded aptamer. Afterward, 10 μL of 1 mM 2-MCE solutions were dropped on the modified electrode surface and incubated for 1 h to block the possible remaining active sites. Finally, the resulting electrode was stored at 4 °C until utilization.

Working solution preparation

The working solutions of FB1, AFB1, AFM1, and ZEN at different concentrations were prepared by dissolving each of the mycotoxins powder in acetonitrile/H2O (50/50, v/v).

Maize sample preparation

The maize flour was bought from local markets and analyzed using LC/MS to make sure that the maize flour was free from FB1. The maize flour was firstly ground to pass an 80-mesh sieve, followed by spiking with 50 µL drop of different working solutions of mycotoxins. The maize samples were then incubated for 24 h at room temperature. Afterward, the extraction of maize samples was carried out using 3 mL of methanol/water (20:80, v/v) by means of a horizontal shaker for 20 min at room temperature and centrifugal apparatus at 4 °C and 5000 rpm for 6 min. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm disposable syringe filter and then diluted with a binding buffer. The prepared maize samples were characterized by the electrochemical measurement explained in the “Measurement procedure” section.

Characterization of the SPCE and AuNPs/SPCE

The surface morphology and chemical composition of the SPCE and AuNPs/SPCE were evaluated by means of a Vega Tescan scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS).

Electrochemical measurements

All electrochemical measurements were conducted using μStat 400 potentiostat/galvanostat (DropSens, Spain) in a potential range of − 0.4–0.7 V at pH 7 and a scanning rate of 50 mV/s.

Measurement procedure

To obtain the response of the aptasensor assay, ss-HSDNA/AuNPs/SPCE was put into the solution prepared according to Section “Maize sample preparation”. The aptasensor was dipped into 5.0 mM ferri/ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3−/4−) electrolyte containing 0.1 M KCl, and the CV measurements were carried out as described in the previous section.

Results and discussion

Characterization of microstructure of AuNPs/SPCE by SEM

The SEM images of SPCE and AuNPs/SPCE are shown in Fig. 2. As shown in this figure, the SPCE possessed a flat sheet-like structure, and the AuNPs homogeneously electrodeposited on the surface of SPCE were regular. Furthermore, the EDS analysis confirmed the deposition of gold nanoparticles.

Fig. 2
figure 2

SEM images of a SPCE and b AuNPs/SPCE and c EDS analysis of the AuNPs/SPCE

Full size image

Electrochemical characterization of ss-HSDNA/AuNPs/SPCE aptasensor

According to theory, the change in voltammetric peak current of CV curves occurs after each step of electrode modification due to the charge transfer resistance. The CV curves related to different electrodes, in the absence or existence of 50 ng/mL FB1, are displayed in Fig. 3. It can be clearly that the bare SPCE has a pair of well-defined redox peaks which is owing to oxidation/reduction of Fe[(CN)6]− 3/− 4. After the electrodeposition of AuNPs on the SPCE surface, an increase in the oxidation/reduction peaks is observed. This is due to the more electron transfer rate provided by a large surface area of gold nanoparticles. However, the voltammetric response of Fe[(CN)6]− 3/− 4 oxidation/reduction decreased as the ss-HSDNA was immobilized onto AuNPs/SPCE. This indicates that electron transfer between the surface of AuNPs/SPCE and Fe[(CN)6]− 3/− 4 solution was reduced due to the immobilization of ss-HSDNA. It is worth pointing out that the peak current was further decreased in the presence of FB1. It can be attributed to the blocking effect of FB1 on electron transfer to the electrode surface resulting from the formation of a target-aptamer complex. Hence, the change in resistance of electron transfer taking place during the Fe[(CN)6]− 3/− 4 oxidation/reduction on the interface of electrode/solution can be stated as a detection mechanism. This finding is in good agreement with the results reported by Chen et al. [22].

Fig. 3
figure 3

Cyclic voltammograms of the stepwise modified electrodes at pH 7 and a scanning rate of 50 mV/s

Full size image

Electrochemical aptasensor performance for FB1 detection

The measurement of peak current at different concentrations of FB1 was carried out by means of the cyclic voltammetric method. The peak current is plotted as a function of the average of three measurements for each FB1 concentration in Fig. 4. As seen in this figure, there is a good linear relationship between the peak current and the FB1 concentration in the range of 0.5–500 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) calculated according to the following equation were 0.14 ng/mL and 0.46 ng/mL, respectively [23]:

Fig. 4
figure 4

The dependence of peak current of the designed aptasensor on the FB1 concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.991 (inset: Cyclic voltammograms of the aptasensor with FB1 concentration range from 0.5  to 500 ng/mL)

Full size image
$$\mathrm{LOD }=\frac{3\upsigma }{\left|\mathrm{s}\right|}$$
(1)
$$\mathrm{LOQ }=\frac{10\upsigma }{\left|\mathrm{s}\right|}$$
(2)

where σ represents the standard deviation of the blank’s response and s can be obtained from the slope of the regression line seen in Fig. 4. The linear working range and detection limit for FB1 achieved by different techniques were listed in Table 1. As shown in the table, the linearity range and detection limit obtained in this study are comparable to the results reported in other literature. This indicates that the CV aptasensor is a promising technique for the detection of FB1 in feeds and foods.

Table 1 Analytical parameters obtained at various aptasensors
Full size table

Selectivity of the designed aptasensor for FB1

Selectivity is a crucial feature of evaluating an aptasensor performance. To investigate the selectivity of the designed aptasensor, other mycotoxins, including AFB1, AFM1 and ZEN, were tested. A comparison of the obtained results, shown in Fig. 5, indicates that the response signal to the FB1 was significantly higher than other mycotoxins. Moreover, it was found that by the addition of interfering substances such as AFB1, AFM1, and ZEN to the solution containing the target FB1, the response signal was close to that of the FB1. This demonstrated the outstanding selectivity of the prepared aptasensor toward FB1, which makes it suitable for use in practical applications.

Fig. 5
figure 5

a Selectivity and b cyclic voltammograms of the designed aptasensor toward FB1 in presence of other mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1 and ZEN) at the same concentration

Full size image

Reproducibility, repeatability and stability of the designed aptasensor

To evaluate the reproducibility and repeatability of the designed aptasensor, the response current to detect FB1 was measured six times at each of the four electrodes prepared independently in the same approach (Fig. 6a, b). The aptasensor exhibits good reproducibility and repeatability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.21% and 1.87%, respectively. As can be seen in Fig. 6c and d, the response signal reached 95% of its initial signal after 16 days of storage period at 4 °C, indicating the excellent long-term stability of the aptasensor.

Fig. 6
figure 6

a Cyclic voltammograms and b current oxidation peaks related to reproducibility, c cyclic voltammograms and d current oxidation peaks of the ss-HSDNA/AuNPs/SPCE stored during 16 days

Full size image

Maize sample analysis

The performance of the designed FB1apatsensor in practical applications was investigated using the recovery experiments on maize samples spiked with different FB1 concentrations (Table 2). Moreover, the obtained results were also checked by HPLC analysis. Based on Table 2, the recovery value of the designed aptasensor for maize samples was obtained 96–103%, which was consistent with HPLC results. The recovery ranges show that the CV aptasensor can be used to identifyFB1 in maize samples with adequate reliability.

Table 2 Comparison of electrochemical aptasensor assay with HPLC for detection FB1 in real sample
Full size table

Conclusion

In the current research, a novel and competitive electrochemical aptasensor based on immobilization of ss-HSDNA on SPCE modified with AuNPs was developed for the determination of FB1 in maize samples. The cyclic voltammetry was used to monitor the variation of electron transfer occurring in the construction and utilization of the designed aptasensor. The obtained results can be briefly summarized as follows:

  1. (1)

    The simple and convenient aptasenor provided a linear range from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.14 ng/mL.

  2. (2)

    The designed aptasensor displayed excellent selectivity toward FB1 in the presence of other mycotoxins, including AFB1, AFM1, and ZEN.

  3. (3)

    The reproducibility, repeatability, and long-term stability of the proposed aptasensor toward FB1 detection were good.

  4. (4)

    4-No significant differences in the precision and accuracy were found between the designed aptasensor and HPLC method.

  5. (5)

    These advantages demonstrated that the designed aptasensor could be recommended as a suitable screening tool for the detection of FB1 in food and feed.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Haque MA, Wang Y, Shen Z, Li X, Saleemi MK, He C. Mycotoxin contamination and control strategy in human, domestic animal and poultry: a review. Microb pathog. 2020;142: 104095.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Mwanza M, Babalola OO. Prevalence of mycotoxins and their consequences on human health. Toxicol Res. 2019;35:1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zheng Y-T, Zhao B-S, Zhang H-B, Jia H, Wu M. Colorimetric aptasensor for fumonisin B1 detection by regulating the amount of bubbles in closed bipolar platform. J Electroanal Chem. 2020;877: 114584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wan J, Chen B, Rao J. Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal-based food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020;19:928–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zangheri M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Giovannoli C, Baggiani C, Roda A, Mirasoli M. A multiplex chemiluminescent biosensor for type B-fumonisins and aflatoxin B1 quantitative detection in maize flour. Analyst. 2015;140:358–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yu Y, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zha Y, Lu S, Yang Y, Li P, Zhou Y. Colorimetric immunoassay via smartphone based on Mn2+ Mediated aggregation of AuNPs for convenient detection of fumonisin B1. Food Control. 2022;132: 108481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mirón-Mérida VA, Gong YY, Goycoolea FM. Aptamer-based detection of fumonisin B1: a critical review. Anal Chim Acta. 2021;1160: 338395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shephard G, Sewram V. Determination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 in maize by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography: a collaborative study. Food Addit Contam. 2004;21:498–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zou L, Xu Y, Li Y, He Q, Chen B, Wang D. Development of a single-chain variable fragment antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of fumonisin B1 in corn samples. J Sci Food Agric. 2014;94:1865–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gazzotti T, Lugoboni B, Zironi E, Barbarossa A, Serraino A, Pagliuca G. Determination of fumonisin B1 in bovine milk by LC–MS/MS. Food Control. 2009;20:1171–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ekwomadu TI, Dada TA, Akinola SA, Nleya N, Mwanza M. Analysis of selected mycotoxins in maize from north-west South Africa using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other analytical techniques. Separations. 2021;8:143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zheng Y, Shi Z, Wu W, He C, Zhang H. Label-free DNA electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B 1 detection in maize based on graphene and gold nanocomposite. J Anal Chem. 2021;76:252–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Vafaye SE, Rahman A, Safaeian S, Adabi M. An electrochemical aptasensor based on electrospun carbon nanofiber mat and gold nanoparticles for the sensitive detection of Penicillin in milk. J Food Meas Charact. 2021;15:876–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rahmani HR, Adabi M, Bagheri KP, Karim G. Development of electrochemical aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles and electrospun carbon nanofibers for the detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. J Food Meas Charact. 2021;15:1826–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Schmitz FRW, Valério A, de Oliveira D, Hotza D. An overview and future prospects on aptamers for food safety. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;104:6929–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. McKeague M, Bradley CR, Girolamo AD, Visconti A, Miller JD, DeRosa MC. Screening and initial binding assessment of fumonisin B1 aptamers. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11:4864–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yue S, Jie X, Wei L, Bin C, Dou Dou W, Yi Y, QingXia L, JianLin L, TieSong Z. Simultaneous detection of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 in cereal samples using an aptamer–photonic crystal encoded suspension Array. Anal Chem. 2014;86:11797–802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Xiong Y, Li W, Wen Q, Xu D, Ren J, Lin Q. Aptamer-engineered nanomaterials to aid in mycotoxin determination. Food Control. 2022;35: 108661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Adabi M, Esnaashari SS, Adabi M. An electrochemical immunosensor based on electrospun carbon nanofiber mat decorated with gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes for the detection of breast cancer. J Porous Mater. 2021;28:415–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ebrahimi Vafaye S, Rahman A, Safaeian S, Adabi M. An electrochemical aptasensor based on electrospun carbon nanofiber mat and gold nanoparticles for the sensitive detection of Penicillin in milk. J Food Meas Charact. 2021;15:876–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Li F, Yu Z, Han X, Lai RY. Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors for food and water analysis: a review. Anal Chim Acta. 2019;1051:1–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen X, Huang Y, Ma X, Jia F, Guo X, Wang Z. Impedimetric aptamer-based determination of the mold toxin fumonisin B1. Microchim Acta. 2015;182:1709–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Montville D, Voigtman E. Statistical properties of limit of detection test statistics. Talanta. 2003;59:461–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wu S, Duan N, Ma X, Xia Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang Q. Multiplexed fluorescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor between upconversion nanoparticles and graphene oxide for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins. Anal Chem. 2012;84:6263–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen X, Bai X, Li H, Zhang B. Aptamer-based microcantilever array biosensor for detection of fumonisin B-1. RSC Adv. 2015;5:35448–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tao Z, Zhou Y, Li X, Wang Z. Competitive HRP-linked colorimetric aptasensor for the detection of fumonisin B1 in food based on dual biotin-streptavidin interaction. Biosen. 2020;10:31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yang X, Zhou X, Zhang X, Qing Y, Luo M, Liu X, Li C, Li Y, Xia H, Qiu J. A highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for fumonisin B1 detection in corn using single-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan. Electroanalysis. 2015;27:2679–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ren C, Li H, Lu X, Qian J, Zhu M, Chen W, Liu Q, Hao N, Li H, Wang K. A disposable aptasensing device for label-free detection of fumonisin B1 by integrating PDMS film-based micro-cell and screen-printed carbon electrode. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2017;251:192–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zheng Y, Shi Z, Wu W, He C, Zhang H. Label-free DNA electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B1 detection in maize based on graphene and gold nanocomposite. J Anal Chem. 2021;76:252–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funds, grants, or other support was received.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Behnaz Naghshbandi

  2. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran

    Mohsen Adabi

  3. Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

    Kamran Pooshang Bagheri

  4. Department of Food Science and Technology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran

    Hamid Tavakolipour

Authors
  1. Behnaz Naghshbandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohsen Adabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hamid Tavakolipour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BN: Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. MA: Conceptualization, Supervision, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KPB: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. HT: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohsen Adabi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that seem to affect the work reported in this article.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Naghshbandi, B., Adabi, M., Pooshang Bagheri, K. et al. Design of a new electrochemical aptasensor based on screen printed carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles for the detection of fumonisin B1 in maize flour. J Nanobiotechnol 20, 534 (2022). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12951-022-01745-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12951-022-01745-7

Keywords

Journal of Nanobiotechnology

ISSN: 1477-3155

Contact us